УДК 82-24
Volkova E. V., Pykhalova A. A.
HISTORICAL TRUTH AND FICTITIOUS NARRATIVE IN J. GOLDMAN’S “THE LION IN WINTER”
St. Petersburg University of Humanities and Social Sciences
This article deals with the analysis of the balance between historical truth and fictitious narrative in James Goldman’s play The Lion in Winter. All the historical facts mentioned in the play have been checked and the results of the research undertaken are presented in the article.
Keywords: The Lion in Winter, the Middle Ages, Henry II of England, Eleanor of Aquitaine, historical truth.
Nowadays The Lion in Winter by James Goldman is becoming more and more popular. Very often theatres choose this play for production. The play is based on the historical events which took place in the Middle Ages, although not all the facts mentioned in the play can be true.
The Lion in Winter was written by James Goldman in 1966 as Broadway play. It depicts the interpersonal relationships among members of the English royal family on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day of the year 1183. Set at Henry II of England's château in Chinon, Anjou, Angevin Empire, the play opens with the arrival of Henry's wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, whom he has had imprisoned since 1173. The story concerns the gamesmanship between Henry, Eleanor, their sons Richard, Geoffrey, and John, their guest, Philip II of France (the son of Eleanor's ex-husband, Louis VII of France), and Philip's half-sister, Alais, who has been at court since she was betrothed to Richard at age 8, but has since become Henry's mistress.
The Lion in Winter received mixed reviews of its 1966 Broadway debut production, and was essentially a critical and commercial failure. However, the 1968 film production of The Lion in Winter, based on a screenplay adaptation written by Goldman, was a critical and commercial success, winning Goldman an Academy Award. Since then, The Lion in Winter has been a favorite production for high schools and small community theaters. A Broadway revival of The Lion in Winter, produced in 1999, received mixed reviews. In 2003 a new film version of the play directed by Andrei Konchalovsky appeared. A television production of The Lion in Winter was first shown on December 26, 2003 in the U.K.. It starred Patrick Stewart and Glenn Close. It was filmed on location at Spiš Castle in eastern Slovakia.
The popularity of the play made us undertake this research. The purpose of this work is to analyze the historical facts given in the play and find the historical errors. The results are compiled in the table below.
Table 1
Historical Facts Mentioned in the Play
|
In the play |
In reality |
|
Christmas Court 1183 |
no |
|
Alais is 23 |
right |
|
Richard writes poems |
He wrote poems in French while being imprisoned by Duke Leopold; he was an educated man who composed poetry and wrote in Limousin (lenga d'òc) and also in French |
|
Negotiations between Henry II and Philip II December 1183 |
no |
|
Richard got Aquitaine in 1181 |
In 1171, Richard left for Aquitaine with his mother and Henry II gave him the duchy of Aquitaine at the request of Eleanor |
|
Rosamund Clifford died in 1176, October |
The affair between Henry and Rosamund became public knowledge in 1174. It ended with Rosamund retiring to a nunnery at Godstow while Henry II moved on to an affair with Alais of France, the betrothed of his son Richard. It is said Rosamund died in 1176 at the same nunnery and is buried there. |
|
Rosamund was from Wales |
Born about 1150 to a marcher lord named Walter de Clifford and Margaret Isobel de Tosny, the family resided at Clifford Castle in Herefordshire, England. |
|
Eleanor had 6 daughters and 5 sons |
She had 5 daughters (Marie, Countess of Champagne and Alix, Countess of Blois by Louis VII of France; Matilda, Duchess of Saxony, Eleanor, Queen of Castile, Joan, Queen of Sicily) |
|
Henry became the King of England at 21 |
Right, in 1154 |
|
Richard is 26 |
Right (born in 1157) |
|
Eleanor and her maids, dressed as Amazons, rode barebreasted half way to Damascus |
The story that she and her ladies dressed as Amazons is disputed by serious historians, sometime confused with the account of King Conrad's train of ladies during this campaign. |
|
Henry is 50 |
Right, he was born in 5 March 1133 |
|
The Pope is 40 |
Pope Lucius III was Pope from 1181 to 1185. Was born in 1100, so in 1183 his age was 83 |
|
“The young Henry died in summer and I haven’t named an heir” (Henry II) |
Henry the Young King died in the summer of 1183 (11 June), during the course of a campaign in the Limousin against his father and his brother Richard. |
|
John is 16 |
He was 17 on 24 December 1183 (born 1166). His birthday must have been during this Christmas Court. |
|
Vexin (county) – Alais’s dowry |
Right. She was Countess of the Vexin |
|
Alais was taken when she was 7 |
The 8 year-old Alais was sent to England as Henry's ward. |
|
Geoffrey, Count of Brittany, is 25 |
Right (born in 1158) |
|
Richard – General (Eleanor calls him like this) |
…By age 16, Richard was commanding his own army, putting down rebellions in Poitou against his father |
|
Eleanor is 61 |
right |
|
Eleanor has been the queen of international importance for 46 years |
All in all for 50 years: she was queen consort of France 1137–1152 and queen consort of England 1154–1189 |
|
“16 years ago you made a treaty with us” Philip [about Alais and her dowry] |
In January 1169, Louis and Henry II of England signed a contract for the marriage between Alys and Henry's son Richard. – 14 years ago! |
|
Geoffrey is going to be the chancellor of John |
No… |
|
Henry was 18 when he met Eleanor. He came down from the North to Paris |
He was already 19. As soon as Eleanor arrived in Poitiers, Eleanor sent envoys to Henry, Count of Anjou and Duke of Normandy, asking him to come at once and marry her. |
|
Eleanor spent three months annulling Louis |
right |
|
Eleanor and Henry married in May. In three years – Queen and King. Henry was 21 at the moment |
right |
|
Geoffrey and Philip talk like friends |
Geoffrey was a good friend of Philip Augustus of France, and the two statesmen were frequently in alliance against King Henry. Geoffrey spent much time at Philip's court in Paris, and Philip made him his seneschal. There is evidence to suggest that Geoffrey was planning another rebellion with Philip's help during his final period in Paris in the summer of 1186. As a participant in so many rebellions against his father, Geoffrey acquired a reputation for treachery. |
|
Eleanor been to prison for 10 years already |
Right, Years of imprisonment 1173–1189 |
|
Henry’s father was Eleanor’s lover |
One of Eleanor's rumoured lovers had been Henry's own father, Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou, who had advised his son to avoid any involvement with her. |
|
Richard – sodomy |
Before 1948, no historian appears to have clearly affirmed that Richard was homosexual. Historian Jean Flori, however, has analysed the work of contemporary historians, and reported that they quite generally accepted that Richard was homosexual. Flori analyzed the available contemporaneous evidence in great detail, and concluded that Richard's two public confessions and penitences (in 1191 and 1195) must have referred to the "sin of sodomy". There are contemporaneous accounts of Richard's relations with women, and Richard acknowledged one illegitimate son, Philip of Cognac. Flori thus concludes that Richard was probably bisexual. |
|
Uncle Raymond (Eleanor mentions his name) |
Raymond of Poitiers (c. 1115 – 29 June 1149) was Prince of Antioch 1136–1149. |
|
Eleanor poisoned Rosamund |
Eleanor loathed Rosamund as a result and there were constant rumors of Eleanor trying to poison Rosamund which are believed to be untrue. |
|
Henry made a proposal to Alais |
No.. she just was his mistress |
Having analysed the lines of the play we can say that the author affords to make a lot of historical errors. Therefore, it is very important to clarify the playwright’s reasons for doing that: whether it was just the author’s inaccuracy in using the historical facts or he had a special purpose for doing that.
Power drives Henry's family to do anything in order to become more powerful. As we watch the family interact, we discover that each person is more corrupt than the last. Henry's sons will do anything possible in order to get his crown. John is youthful and foolish, and he and Geoffrey scheme to get the throne. John believes Geoffrey is trying to help him, but in reality, Geoffrey knows that if John succeeds Henry, then Geoffrey can control John. Richard and Eleanor are both scheming for a place for Richard on the throne. Richard is by far the most capable of the three sons, but he realizes that his father's preference for John will likely keep him from the crown.
However, the main subject of the play is the relationship between Henry and Eleanor. We can conclude that J. Goldman made the historical errors in his play to advance the main idea of the relationship between the main characters of the play, to add passion to the story. Using not only the facts but also rumours the author restores the ambiance of the epoch.
References:
-
Barber R. Henry Plantagenet. Boydell Press, 2001.
-
Bingham C. Crowned Lions: Early Plantagenet Kings. David & Charles PLC, 1978.
-
Gillingham J. Richard the Lion Heart, Lnd., 1976.
-
Goldman J. The Lion in Winter. London: Samuel French Ltd.
-
Hall H. Court Life Under the Plantagenets (Reign of Henry the Second). The British Library, 2010.
-
Kelly A. Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings, Lnd., 1952.
-
Meade M. Eleanor of Aquitaine: Biography. Penguin, 1991.
-
Miles K. The Devil's Crown - The Story of Henry, Richard and John Plantagenet. Fontana / Collins, 1978.
-
Warren W. L. Henry II. University of California Press, 1977.
-
Weir A. Eleanor of Aquitaine: A Life. Ballantine Books, 2001.
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